A financial consortium is designing a permissioned blockchain for interbank settlements. They are evaluating consensus mechanisms. The primary requirements are high transaction finality, low latency, and the ability to function correctly even if up to one-third of the validator nodes are malicious or offline. Which consensus algorithm is specifically designed to meet these requirements?
A supply chain solution is being built on Hyperledger Fabric. To comply with GDPR, personally identifiable information (PII) related to European customers must only be accessible to the European members of the consortium. However, the hash of this PII data needs to be written to the main channel's ledger for auditability by all members. Which Hyperledger Fabric feature should be used to achieve this?
A startup is creating a decentralized application (dApp) for digital art provenance on a public blockchain. To prevent users from having to pay high gas fees for every metadata update, the architect proposes an off-chain storage solution. Which of the following combinations provides a decentralized, content-addressed storage solution for the digital art files and their metadata, while keeping an immutable link on-chain? (Select TWO)
True or False: In a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, a 'nothing at stake' problem occurs because validators are economically incentivized to validate on all competing forks, as there is no significant cost to doing so.
A decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol requires real-world asset price data (e.g., ETH/USD) to trigger liquidations. The protocol must be protected from a single, compromised data source providing incorrect information. Which architectural pattern provides the most robust and decentralized solution for this problem?
While designing a private blockchain for a healthcare consortium, an architect needs to ensure that patient data remains confidential and is not revealed on the ledger, but its integrity must be verifiable by auditors. Which cryptographic technique allows a party to prove that a statement is true (e.g., 'this medical record has not been altered') without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself?
A solution architect is comparing Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) with standard Proof of Stake (PoS) for a new social media platform that requires high throughput and fast block confirmation times. What are the key architectural trade-offs when choosing DPoS over PoS? (Select TWO)
A government agency is building a land registry system on a blockchain. They want to issue a unique, non-interchangeable digital token for each parcel of land. These tokens must be transferable and have a clear, verifiable ownership history on-chain. Which Ethereum token standard should the architect specify for this use case?
During the design of a cross-chain bridge, a security architect raises a concern about the risks associated with the 'lock-and-mint' mechanism. What is the primary security vulnerability inherent in many lock-and-mint bridge designs?
A solution architect is evaluating blockchain platforms for an enterprise use case that requires strict transaction ordering and finality, but does NOT need to tolerate malicious (Byzantine) actors within its permissioned set of nodes. The primary goal is to prevent inconsistencies due to network partitions or node crashes. Which type of consensus algorithm would be most appropriate and efficient?