A logistics company is designing a `ShipmentTracking` service. The initial design requires client applications to know whether a shipment is being transported by ground, air, or sea to call the correct internal endpoint (`/trackGround`, `/trackAir`, `/trackSea`). An architect flags this as a violation of a core service-orientation principle. Which principle is primarily being violated, and what is the best remedy?
A financial services firm is architecting a system for processing loan applications. The process involves multiple stages: credit check, risk assessment, document verification, and final approval. Each stage is implemented as an autonomous service. The firm requires a central point of control to manage the overall flow, handle complex conditional logic (e.g., require extra verification if risk is high), and provide detailed auditing for each application's journey. Which service composition style should be used to meet these requirements?
During the service-oriented analysis of a university's enrollment system, the following business entities have been identified: Student, Course, and Professor. The system needs to provide reusable capabilities to create, read, update, and delete information for each of these entities. According to standard service layer design, what type of services should be created to encapsulate these core business entities?
A large enterprise has a service inventory with hundreds of services. A new regulatory requirement mandates that any service accessing Personally Identifiable Information (PII) must log access requests to a central, immutable audit log. Which of the following approaches is the BEST way to implement this non-functional requirement across the service inventory while upholding service-orientation principles?
An e-commerce company wants to achieve extreme agility in updating its business logic for promotions and pricing. They have a `ProductCatalog` service and an `OrderProcessing` service. They want to avoid redeploying these core services every time a new promotion (e.g., '10% off on Tuesdays', 'buy one get one free') is introduced. Which design pattern provides the best solution for externalizing this frequently changing logic?
A healthcare provider is building a Patient Portal. They have existing, independent legacy systems for Appointments, Billing, and Medical Records. To accelerate portal development, they need to expose a single, simplified, and unified contract for patient information, hiding the complexity of interacting with the three separate backend systems. Which design pattern is most appropriate for this scenario?
When designing a service contract, which of the following elements are essential for achieving a standardized contract that promotes loose coupling? (Select TWO).
A service composition for fulfilling a customer order fails intermittently. The composition involves a `ProcessOrder` orchestrator that calls three services in sequence: `CheckInventory`, `ProcessPayment`, and `InitiateShipping`. The architect suspects a 'race condition' where `CheckInventory` reports an item is in stock, but by the time `ProcessPayment` completes, another process has already claimed the last item. This indicates a failure in managing the consistency of the business transaction. Which design pattern specifically addresses the need to manage state and lock data across multiple service invocations in a long-running business transaction?
True or False: Adopting a 'contract-first' design approach means that the underlying service logic must be fully implemented and tested before the service contract (e.g., WSDL or OpenAPI spec) is published to the service registry.
A team is developing a `CurrencyConversion` utility service. The service is highly reusable and is called by numerous other services within the enterprise. To maximize scalability and simplify the architecture, the lead architect insists that the service must not retain any information about past conversion requests from any specific consumer. Which service-orientation principle is being strictly enforced?